Antioxidants have become increasingly popular in recent years, thanks to their myriad health benefits and their potential to combat a wide range of ailments. Join us as we dive into the fascinating world of antioxidants, explore their benefits, and how they help promote good health! We will also discuss the role of specific antioxidants, including Glutathione and Dihydromyricetin, in addressing alcohol-related damage.
Understanding Antioxidants
Definition of antioxidants
Antioxidants are molecules that help protect our bodies from the damaging effects of free radicals, which are unstable and highly reactive molecules produced through natural processes in the body or external factors such as pollution, radiation, or unhealthy lifestyle choices[1]. By neutralizing these free radicals, antioxidants play a crucial role in maintaining our overall health and well-being.
How antioxidants work in the body
Neutralizing free radicals
Free radicals, by nature, are unstable and seek to regain stability by “stealing” electrons from other molecules[2]. This process can create a chain reaction that damages healthy cells, proteins, and even our DNA. Antioxidants, on the other hand, can donate electrons to free radicals without becoming unstable themselves, effectively neutralizing the free radicals and preventing further damage[3].
Preventing oxidative stress
Oxidative stress occurs when there’s an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants[4]. Over time, oxidative stress can lead to cellular damage, inflammation, and the development of various diseases. By providing a constant supply of antioxidants, we can help our bodies maintain a healthy balance and ward off the harmful effects of oxidative stress.
General Health Benefits of Antioxidants
Slowing down the aging process
Antioxidants play a significant role in slowing down the aging process by neutralizing free radicals and protecting our cells from oxidative damage[5]. By reducing oxidative stress, antioxidants can help maintain the integrity of our skin, reduce wrinkles, and promote a more youthful appearance. Additionally, they can help delay age-related cognitive decline and improve overall brain health[6].
Reducing inflammation
Chronic inflammation has been linked to various diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes[7]. Antioxidants help reduce inflammation by neutralizing free radicals that contribute to inflammatory processes and by modulating the immune system[8]. A diet rich in antioxidants can be beneficial in preventing or managing inflammatory conditions, supporting overall health and well-being.
Boosting the immune system
Antioxidants play a crucial role in supporting a healthy immune system. They help protect immune cells from oxidative damage, enhance immune cell function, and modulate the immune response[9]. Consuming a diet rich in antioxidants can help strengthen our body’s natural defenses, reducing the risk of infections and illnesses.
Improving cardiovascular health
Antioxidants have been shown to improve cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress, preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, and improving blood vessel function. By incorporating antioxidant-rich foods into our diet, we can help lower the risk of heart disease and promote overall cardiovascular health.
Reducing the risk of chronic diseases
A diet rich in antioxidants has been linked to a reduced risk of various chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease[10]. By neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, antioxidants can help protect our bodies from the development of these diseases.
Antioxidants and Alcohol: Why It Matters
Alcohol’s Impact on the Body
Dehydration
Alcohol consumption can lead to dehydration, which can cause various negative effects on the body, such as headaches, dizziness, and fatigue[11]. Dehydration can also impair the body’s ability to flush out toxins, making it more susceptible to damage from free radicals.
Liver damage
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage, leading to conditions such as fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis[12]. Alcohol-induced liver damage can result in an increased production of free radicals and a decrease in the liver’s ability to produce antioxidants, further exacerbating oxidative stress.
Nutrient deficiencies
Alcohol can interfere with the absorption of essential nutrients, including vitamins and minerals that function as antioxidants[13]. As a result, alcohol consumption can lead to nutrient deficiencies that further compromise the body’s ability to neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
Importance of reducing alcohol’s negative effects
Overall health improvement
By minimizing the negative effects of alcohol on the body, we can improve overall health and well-being. This includes promoting better hydration, liver function, and nutrient absorption, all of which contribute to the body’s ability to combat oxidative stress and maintain optimal health.
Prevention of long-term damage
Addressing the negative effects of alcohol can help prevent long-term damage to the body, such as liver disease, cognitive decline, and the development of chronic diseases. Incorporating antioxidant-rich foods and supplements into our diet can be a valuable strategy for mitigating the harmful effects of alcohol and promoting overall health.
Top Antioxidants to Combat Alcohol-Related Damage
Glutathione
Natural sources
Glutathione, often referred to as the “master antioxidant,” is a powerful tripeptide molecule found in every cell of our body[14]. Our body produces glutathione naturally, but its levels can also be boosted through the consumption of certain foods. These include cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and kale, as well as garlic, onions, and protein-rich foods containing cysteine, such as chicken, eggs, and fish[15].
Functions in the body
Glutathione plays a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative damage, detoxifying harmful substances, and supporting immune function[16]. In the context of alcohol consumption, glutathione is particularly important for liver health, as it helps detoxify acetaldehyde, a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism[17].
Research and studies on its effectiveness
Several studies have shown that supplementation with glutathione or its precursors can improve liver function and reduce the severity of alcoholic liver disease[18]. Moreover, research has demonstrated that increasing glutathione levels can help prevent alcohol-induced oxidative stress and protect against alcohol-related damage in various organs[19].
Dihydromyricetin
Natural sources
Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a bioactive flavonoid compound found primarily in the Ampelopsis grossedentata plant, commonly known as vine tea. Other sources of DHM include the Hovenia dulcis tree (Japanese raisin tree) and some species of the genus Myrica.
Functions in the body
DHM has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. It can help protect the liver from alcohol-induced damage by promoting the breakdown of alcohol and acetaldehyde, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating the immune response[20].
Research and studies on its effectiveness
Research has shown that DHM can effectively mitigate alcohol-related damage in the liver and other organs[21]. In one study, rats treated with DHM demonstrated significantly reduced liver injury and inflammation after alcohol consumption compared to untreated rats[22]. Another study found that DHM can help alleviate alcohol hangover symptoms, potentially due to its ability to enhance alcohol metabolism and alleviate oxidative stress[23].
Other powerful antioxidants
Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a potent antioxidant that can help protect the body from alcohol-induced oxidative stress. It can be found in various fruits and vegetables, including citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, bell peppers, and spinach.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that plays a vital role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. Foods rich in vitamin E include nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables.
Resveratrol
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found in red wine, grapes, and berries that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. Research suggests that resveratrol can help protect the liver and other organs from alcohol-induced damage by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Strategies for Incorporating Antioxidants into Your Diet
Consume a Diverse Array of Fruits and Vegetables
Eating a colorful assortment of fruits and vegetables ensures a healthy intake of various antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Aim to include dark leafy greens, berries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, and bell peppers in your daily meals.
Choose Whole Grains and Legumes
Whole grains and legumes, such as brown rice, quinoa, lentils, and beans, are rich in antioxidant compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids. Incorporating these foods into your diet can help promote overall health and protect against oxidative stress.
Opt for Antioxidant-rich Beverages
Some beverages, such as green tea, black tea, and red wine, are rich in antioxidants like catechins, flavonoids, and resveratrol. Drinking these beverages in moderation can provide additional antioxidant benefits.
Use Herbs and Spices
Herbs and spices, such as turmeric, cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, are packed with antioxidant compounds. Incorporate these ingredients into your recipes to boost the antioxidant content of your meals.
Consider Antioxidant Supplements
If you find it challenging to consume a diet rich in antioxidants, consider taking supplements like glutathione, dihydromyricetin, or other antioxidant vitamins.
Key Takeaways
Antioxidants are indispensable components of a healthy lifestyle as they offer a multitude of benefits for the human body. Their primary function is to neutralize harmful free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage through oxidative stress. By mitigating the adverse effects of free radicals, antioxidants contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases, support immune function, and aid in the maintenance of overall health and well-being.
Embrace a diet bursting with antioxidant-rich foods and beverages, and get ready to live your healthiest, most vibrant life!
References:
[1] Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118-126. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249911/
[2] Pham-Huy, L. A., He, H., & Pham-Huy, C. (2008). Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science: IJBS, 4(2), 89-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614697/
[3] Sies, H. (1997). Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. Experimental Physiology, 82(2), 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004024
[4] Betteridge, D. J. (2000). What is oxidative stress?. Metabolism, 49(2), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(00)80077-3
[5] Bickers, D. R., & Athar, M. (2006). Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 126(12), 2565-2575. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700340
[6] Polidori, M. C., & Mecocci, P. (2002). Plasma susceptibility to free radical-induced antioxidant consumption and lipid peroxidation is increased in very old subjects with Alzheimer disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 4(6), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2002-4608
[7] Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., Carrera-Bastos, P., Targ, S., Franceschi, C., & Slavich, G. M. (2019). Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nature Medicine, 25(12), 1822-1832. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0
[8] Minihane, A. M., Vinoy, S., Russell, W. R., Baka, A., Roche, H. M., Tuohy, K. M., & Calder, P. C. (2015). Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(7), 999-1012. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007114515002093
[9] Wu, D., & Lewis, E. D. (2019). Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function: Analysis of Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Relevance. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 3160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.03160
[10] Carlsen, M. H., Halvorsen, B. L., Holte, K., Bøhn, S. K., Dragland, S., Sampson, L., & Blomhoff, R. (2010). The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutrition Journal, 9(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-3
[11] Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (1997). Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(4), 1152-1158. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1152
[12] Gao, B., & Bataller, R. (2011). Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets. Gastroenterology, 141(5), 1572-1585. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.002
[13] Lieber, C. S. (2003). Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease. Alcohol Research & Health, 27(3), 220-231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc6668875/
[14] Wu, G., Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S., Lupton, J. R., & Turner, N. D. (2004). Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(3), 489-492. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.3.489
[15]Richie, J. P., Nichenametla, S., Neidig, W., Calcagnotto, A., Haley, J. S., Schell, T. D., & Muscat, J. E. (2015). Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. European Journal of Nutrition, 54(2), 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z
[16] Forman, H. J., Zhang, H., & Rinna, A. (2009). Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 30(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006
[17] Lu, S. C. (2013). Glutathione synthesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1830(5), 3143-3153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008
[18] Vendemiale, G., Altomare, E., Trizio, T., Le Grazie, C., Di Padova, C., Salerno, M. T., & Albano, O. (1991). Effects of oral S-adenosyl-L-methionine on hepatic glutathione in patients with liver disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 26(5), 538-544. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365528909093067
[19] Loguercio, C., & Federico, A. (2003). Oxidative stress in viral and alcoholic hepatitis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 34(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01167-x
[20] Chen, S., Zhao, X., Wan, J., Ran, L., Qin, Y., Wang, X., & Zhang, Q. (2015). Dihydromyricetin improves glucose and lipid metabolism and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial. Pharmacological Research, 99, 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2015.05.009
[21] Liang, J., & Olsen, R. W. (2014). Alcohol use disorders and current pharmacological therapies: the role of GABAA receptors. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 35(8), 981-993. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2014.50
[22] Jing, Nianshui, and Xinnan Li. (2019). Dihydromyricetin attenuates inflammation through TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway. Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) vol. 14 719-725 https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2019-0083
[23] Kim, D. J., Kim, W., Yoon, S. J., Choi, B. M., Kim, J. S., Go, H., … & Lee, Y. K. (2013). Effects of alcohol hangover on cytokine production in healthy subjects. Alcohol, 37(5), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.09.003